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首頁 > 技術(shù)文章 > 高壓加氫反應(yīng)釜操作全指南:催化劑裝載與氫氣控制

高壓加氫反應(yīng)釜操作全指南:催化劑裝載與氫氣控制

更新時間:2025-08-13      點擊次數(shù):166
  一、催化劑裝載:精準(zhǔn)控制與安全防護(hù)
  預(yù)處理與裝載
  催化劑(如鈀/炭、雷尼鎳)需在惰性氣氛(氮氣)中處理。雷尼鎳等活性催化劑不可干燥,需用乙醇或水保持濕潤,避免自燃。裝載時,使用專用工具將催化劑緩慢加入釜內(nèi),避免粉末飛揚(yáng)。裝載量不超過釜體容積的1/3,防止反應(yīng)過于劇烈。
  分層裝填與耙平
  按工藝要求逐層加入催化劑,每層高度不超過500mm,并用耙子耙平,確保床層均勻。例如,在石油加氫精制中,催化劑床層高度差需控制在100mm以內(nèi),避免局部反應(yīng)過熱。
  密封與檢漏
  裝載完成后,按對角線順序?qū)ΨQ擰緊釜蓋螺栓,分三次逐步加力,確保密封面受力均勻。關(guān)閉所有閥門后,通入氮氣至1MPa,用肥皂水檢查閥門、釜蓋及管路連接處是否漏氣。若壓力20分鐘內(nèi)下降≤0.05MPa,則氣密性合格。
  二、氫氣控制:安全置換與壓力管理
  氫氣置換
  用氮氣置換釜內(nèi)空氣三次,每次充氮至0.3MPa后排放,重復(fù)操作直至氧含量降至2%以下。置換過程中開啟攪拌器低速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),確保死角位置氣體充分置換。
  氫氣充壓與反應(yīng)控制
  氫氣進(jìn)氣閥應(yīng)緩慢開啟,初始流量不超過5L/min,壓力升至工作壓力的1/3時暫停,檢查各連接點有無異常聲響。設(shè)定溫度控制器梯度升溫,每分鐘不超過3℃。壓力達(dá)到設(shè)計值時,調(diào)節(jié)背壓閥維持恒定工況。例如,在醫(yī)藥中間體合成中,氫氣壓力需穩(wěn)定在6MPa,避免壓力波動導(dǎo)致反應(yīng)失控。
  安全監(jiān)控與應(yīng)急處理
  實時記錄溫度、壓力、流量數(shù)據(jù),發(fā)現(xiàn)異常立即啟動聯(lián)鎖保護(hù)。壓力超過安全閥設(shè)定值10%時,手動開啟緊急泄放閥。若發(fā)生氫氣泄漏,立即切斷氫氣供應(yīng),開啟通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)稀釋氫氣濃度,并用氮氣吹掃置換。
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